Ascites (expanded list)
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Etiology
Normal peritoneum
- Portal hypertension (serum-ascites albumin gradient [SAAG] ? 1.1 g/dL)
- Liver disease
- Cirrhosis (most common)
- "Mixed ascites" (portal hypertension with secondary process, eg, malignancy, infection)
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Massive hepatic metastases
- Hepatic fibrosis
- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
- Hepatic congestion (usually SAAG ? 1.1 g/dL and ascites total protein >2.5 g/dL)
- Congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid insufficiency
- Budd-Chiari syndrome, veno-occlusive disease
- Portal vein occlusion
- Liver disease
- Hypoalbuminemia (SAAG < 1.1 g/dL)
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Protein-losing enteropathy
- Severe malnutrition with anasarca
- Miscellaneous conditions (SAAG < 1.1 g/L)
- Chylous ascites
- Pancreatic ascites
- Bile ascites
- Nephrogenic ascites
- Urine ascites
- Myxedema (SAAG ? 1.1 g/dL)
- Ovarian disease
Diseased peritoneum (SAAG < 1.1 g/dL except in "mixed ascites" with portal hypertension and secondary process, eg, infection, malignancy)
- Infections
- Bacterial peritonitis
- Tuberculous peritonitis
- Fungal peritonitis
- HIV-associated peritonitis
- Malignant conditions
- Peritoneal carcinomatosis
- Primary mesothelioma
- Pseudomyxoma peritonei
- Massive hepatic metastases
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Other conditions
- Familial Mediterranean fever
- Vasculitis
- Granulomatous peritonitis
- Eosinophilic peritonitis
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Etiology
Normal peritoneum
- Portal hypertension (serum-ascites albumin gradient [SAAG] ? 1.1 g/dL)
- Liver disease
- Cirrhosis (most common)
- "Mixed ascites" (portal hypertension with secondary process, eg, malignancy, infection)
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Fulminant hepatic failure
- Massive hepatic metastases
- Hepatic fibrosis
- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
- Hepatic congestion (usually SAAG ? 1.1 g/dL and ascites total protein >2.5 g/dL)
- Congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid insufficiency
- Budd-Chiari syndrome, veno-occlusive disease
- Portal vein occlusion
- Liver disease
- Hypoalbuminemia (SAAG < 1.1 g/dL)
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Protein-losing enteropathy
- Severe malnutrition with anasarca
- Miscellaneous conditions (SAAG < 1.1 g/L)
- Chylous ascites
- Pancreatic ascites
- Bile ascites
- Nephrogenic ascites
- Urine ascites
- Myxedema (SAAG ? 1.1 g/dL)
- Ovarian disease
Diseased peritoneum (SAAG < 1.1 g/dL except in "mixed ascites" with portal hypertension and secondary process, eg, infection, malignancy)
- Infections
- Bacterial peritonitis
- Tuberculous peritonitis
- Fungal peritonitis
- HIV-associated peritonitis
- Malignant conditions
- Peritoneal carcinomatosis
- Primary mesothelioma
- Pseudomyxoma peritonei
- Massive hepatic metastases
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Other conditions
- Familial Mediterranean fever
- Vasculitis
- Granulomatous peritonitis
- Eosinophilic peritonitis
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