Hallucinogen Poisoning
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Basics
Description
- Predominantly alters perception, cognition, and mood
- All hallucinogens potentiate neurotransmitter release or bind directly to receptors:
- Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT): Many hallucinogens are agonists or antagonists at 5-HT receptor subtypes
- Norepinephrine, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), dopamine
Etiology
- Most exposures are intentional
- Common hallucinogens:
- Indolamine:
- Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (duration 6–12 hr)
- Morning glory (Ipomoea spp.)
- Tryptamines:
- Psilocybin (Psilocybe mushrooms); frequently adulterated with LSD
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT); 5-MeO-DMT (“foxy-methoxy”), and other tryptamine congeners
- Phenylethylamines (hallucinogenic amphetamines):
- Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDEA)
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “ecstasy”; duration 8–12 hr)
- Paramethoxyamphetamine
- Dimethoxyamphetamine
- Mescaline (peyote cactus); frequently adulterated with LSD (duration 6–12 hr)
- Arylcycloalkylamines:
- Phencyclidine (PCP), (duration is variable 11–96 hr in 1 report)
- Ketamine, (duration depends on route of administration 30–120 min)
- Anticholinergic:
- Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
- Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
- Other:
- Piperazines: Benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP)
- Dextromethorphan (DXM), (duration 3–6 hr)
- Marijuana
- Kratom, (duration 4–6 hr)
- Indolamine:
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Basics
Description
- Predominantly alters perception, cognition, and mood
- All hallucinogens potentiate neurotransmitter release or bind directly to receptors:
- Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT): Many hallucinogens are agonists or antagonists at 5-HT receptor subtypes
- Norepinephrine, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), dopamine
Etiology
- Most exposures are intentional
- Common hallucinogens:
- Indolamine:
- Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (duration 6–12 hr)
- Morning glory (Ipomoea spp.)
- Tryptamines:
- Psilocybin (Psilocybe mushrooms); frequently adulterated with LSD
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT); 5-MeO-DMT (“foxy-methoxy”), and other tryptamine congeners
- Phenylethylamines (hallucinogenic amphetamines):
- Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDEA)
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “ecstasy”; duration 8–12 hr)
- Paramethoxyamphetamine
- Dimethoxyamphetamine
- Mescaline (peyote cactus); frequently adulterated with LSD (duration 6–12 hr)
- Arylcycloalkylamines:
- Phencyclidine (PCP), (duration is variable 11–96 hr in 1 report)
- Ketamine, (duration depends on route of administration 30–120 min)
- Anticholinergic:
- Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
- Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
- Other:
- Piperazines: Benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP)
- Dextromethorphan (DXM), (duration 3–6 hr)
- Marijuana
- Kratom, (duration 4–6 hr)
- Indolamine:
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