Hypoparathyroidism
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Basics
Description
- Hypoparathyroidism occurs secondary to a deficiency in parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism occurs secondary to end-organ unresponsiveness to PTH
- PTH:
- Decreases urinary Ca2+ loss
- Increases urinary PO4 loss
- Stimulates vitamin D conversion from 25(OH)-D to 1,25(OH)2-D in kidney
- Liberates Ca2+ and PO4 from bone
- Hypocalcemia is the major metabolic derangement
- Calcitonin:
- Promotes deposition of Ca2+ and PO4 into bone (produced primarily in C-cells in thyroid)
- Magnesium:
- Cofactor in production of PTH
- Essential for action of PTH in target tissues
- Hypoparathyroidism:
- Primary failure of the parathyroid gland (may have associated Addison disease)
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism:
- Tissue unresponsiveness with elevated PTH levels
- Associated with hypothyroidism and hypogonadism
- Genetics:
- Congenital absence
- Bartter syndrome:
- May be accompanied by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
- DiGeorge syndrome:
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Thymic dysplasia
- Severe immunodeficiency
- Wilson disease:
- Destruction of gland owing to copper deposition
- Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I:
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Mucocutaneous candidiasis
- Albright syndrome (hereditary osteodystrophy):
- Short stature
- Obesity
- Round face
- Short neck
- Short fourth and fifth metacarpals and metatarsals (type I pseudohypoparathyroidism)
Etiology
- Failure of parathyroid gland:
- Autoimmune destruction
- Surgical interruption of blood supply or gland removal
- Radiation damage
- Hypomagnesemia (PTH cofactor)
- End-organ unresponsiveness to PTH
-- To view the remaining sections of this topic, please log in or purchase a subscription --
Basics
Description
- Hypoparathyroidism occurs secondary to a deficiency in parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism occurs secondary to end-organ unresponsiveness to PTH
- PTH:
- Decreases urinary Ca2+ loss
- Increases urinary PO4 loss
- Stimulates vitamin D conversion from 25(OH)-D to 1,25(OH)2-D in kidney
- Liberates Ca2+ and PO4 from bone
- Hypocalcemia is the major metabolic derangement
- Calcitonin:
- Promotes deposition of Ca2+ and PO4 into bone (produced primarily in C-cells in thyroid)
- Magnesium:
- Cofactor in production of PTH
- Essential for action of PTH in target tissues
- Hypoparathyroidism:
- Primary failure of the parathyroid gland (may have associated Addison disease)
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism:
- Tissue unresponsiveness with elevated PTH levels
- Associated with hypothyroidism and hypogonadism
- Genetics:
- Congenital absence
- Bartter syndrome:
- May be accompanied by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
- DiGeorge syndrome:
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Thymic dysplasia
- Severe immunodeficiency
- Wilson disease:
- Destruction of gland owing to copper deposition
- Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I:
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Mucocutaneous candidiasis
- Albright syndrome (hereditary osteodystrophy):
- Short stature
- Obesity
- Round face
- Short neck
- Short fourth and fifth metacarpals and metatarsals (type I pseudohypoparathyroidism)
Etiology
- Failure of parathyroid gland:
- Autoimmune destruction
- Surgical interruption of blood supply or gland removal
- Radiation damage
- Hypomagnesemia (PTH cofactor)
- End-organ unresponsiveness to PTH
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