Description

• Amanitin/phalloidin:
  • Species:
    • Amanita phalloides (“death cap”)
    • Amanita virosa/Amanita verna (“destroying angel”)
    • Galerina marginata, Galerina venenata
  • Mechanism:
    • Cyclopeptide toxins inhibit RNA polymerase 2, which kills GI epithelium, hepatocytes, nephrocytes
• Gyromitrin:
  • Species:
    • Gyromitra esculenta (“false morels”)
    • Other Gyromitra spp.
  • Mechanism:
    • Gyromitrin hydrolyzed to monomethylhydrazine
    • Inhibits pyridoxal phosphate
    • Results in decreased GABA production
    • Damage to RBCs, hepatocytes, neurons
• Muscarine:
  • Species:
    • Inocybe (several species)
    • Clitocybe (several species)
    • Boletus sp.
    • Rubinoboletus sp.
  • Mechanism:
    • Muscarine acts like acetylcholine resulting in parasympathomimetic symptoms
• Coprine:
  • Species:
    • Coprinus atramentarius (“inky caps”)
  • Mechanism:
    • Blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
    • Causes disulfiram-like reaction if mixed with alcohol
• Ibotenic acid/muscimol:
  • Species:
    • Amanita pantherina (“panther cap”)
    • Amanita muscaria (“fly agaric”)
    • Amanita ibotengutake (Japanese Ringed-Bulb)
  • Mechanism:
    • Ibotenic acid is derivative of glutamate
    • Muscimol is GABA derivative
• Psilocin/psilocybin:
  • Species:
    • Psilocybe and Panaeolus spp. as well as others
    • Stalks may turn blue upon handling, nonspecific
  • Mechanism:
    • Similar structure to lysergic acid diethylamide, effect serotonin receptor
• Gastric irritants:
  • Many various mushrooms, including those normally considered edible
• Orellanine:
  • Species:
    • Cortinarius (several species)
  • Mechanism:
    • Direct renal toxicity
• Neurovascular toxins
  • Species:
    • Clitocybe amoenolens (Poison Dwarf Bamboo mushroom)
    • Clitocybe acromelalgia
  • Mechanism:
    • Acromelic acids A-E, Kainate analogs, peripheral glutamate receptors
• Myotoxin
  • Species:
    • Tricholoma equestre (Yellow Knight, “man on horse”)
  • Mechanism unknown, induces rhabdomyolysis