Shoulder Dislocation

Shoulder Dislocation is a topic covered in the 5-Minute Emergency Consult.

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Basics

Description

  • Shoulder is a very dynamic joint, prone to injury.
  • Anterior dislocation (90–96%):
    • Injury is from direct or indirect forces on the abducted and externally rotated arm.
    • Injury may also result from a direct blow to posterolateral aspect of shoulder.
  • Posterior dislocation:
    • Often missed
    • Forces on the adducted and internally rotated arm result in posterior dislocation of humeral head in relation to glenoid fossa.
    • Most common mechanism is seizure and sudden contraction of all the posterior muscle groups.
    • Other mechanisms include electrocution and direct blow to anterior shoulder.
  • Inferior dislocation (rare):
    • Luxatio erecta
    • Hyperabduction of arm, tear of rotator cuff, and rotation of arm 180° above head
    • Commonly seen after a fall from a height:
      • Arm has struck object on descent and is thrust above the head.
    • Often accompanied by neurovascular injury and fracture

Pediatric Considerations
Dislocation is rare in children: Epiphyseal fractures must be suspected.


Geriatric Considerations
Dislocation is often accompanied by fracture.

Etiology

  • Falls from height
  • Impact injuries
  • Distraction injuries of upper arm
  • Seizures
  • Electrocution

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Basics

Description

  • Shoulder is a very dynamic joint, prone to injury.
  • Anterior dislocation (90–96%):
    • Injury is from direct or indirect forces on the abducted and externally rotated arm.
    • Injury may also result from a direct blow to posterolateral aspect of shoulder.
  • Posterior dislocation:
    • Often missed
    • Forces on the adducted and internally rotated arm result in posterior dislocation of humeral head in relation to glenoid fossa.
    • Most common mechanism is seizure and sudden contraction of all the posterior muscle groups.
    • Other mechanisms include electrocution and direct blow to anterior shoulder.
  • Inferior dislocation (rare):
    • Luxatio erecta
    • Hyperabduction of arm, tear of rotator cuff, and rotation of arm 180° above head
    • Commonly seen after a fall from a height:
      • Arm has struck object on descent and is thrust above the head.
    • Often accompanied by neurovascular injury and fracture

Pediatric Considerations
Dislocation is rare in children: Epiphyseal fractures must be suspected.


Geriatric Considerations
Dislocation is often accompanied by fracture.

Etiology

  • Falls from height
  • Impact injuries
  • Distraction injuries of upper arm
  • Seizures
  • Electrocution

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