Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Basics

Description

  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): Acquired syndrome characterized by intravascular activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis from varying causes and leading to damage of microvasculature and organ dysfunction
  • Coagulation system activation results in systemic circulation of thrombin and plasmin, known as thromboinflammation
  • Role of thrombin in DIC:
    • Tissue factor/factor VIII(a) activates the extrinsic pathway, which leads to thrombin formation
    • Thrombin circulates and converts fibrinogen to fibrin monomer
    • Fibrin monomer polymerizes into fibrin (clot) in the circulation
    • Clots cause microvascular and macrovascular thrombosis with resultant peripheral ischemia and damage to lungs, kidney, liver, and brain
    • Platelets become trapped in clot with resultant thrombocytopenia
  • Role of plasmin in DIC:
    • Plasmin circulates systemically converting fibrinogen into fibrin degradation products (FDPs)
    • FDPs combine with fibrin monomers
    • FDP–monomer complexes interfere with normal polymerization and impair hemostasis
    • FDPs also interfere with platelet function
  • Role of impaired anticoagulation in DIC:
    • Failure of physiologic anticoagulation is necessary for DIC to occur
    • Antithrombin III, protein C system, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor all impaired
    • Acute uncompensated DIC: Uncontrolled thrombin generation plus rapid consumption of factors and platelets with inability to replete leads to diffuse bleeding, microvasculature injury, and multisystem organ failure
    • Chronic DIC compensated form:
      • Body able to keep up with pace of clotting factor consumption, so thrombosis predominant clinical feature

Etiology

  • Most common: Bacterial sepsis, trauma, malignant disorders, and complications of pregnancy
  • Complications of pregnancy:
    • Retained fetus
    • Amniotic fluid embolism
    • Placental abruption
    • Abortion
    • Eclampsia
    • HELLP syndrome
  • Sepsis:
    • Gram negative (endotoxin-mediated meningococcemia)
    • Gram positive (mucopolysaccharide-mediated)
    • Other microorganisms (eg, viruses, parasites)
  • Trauma:
    • Crush injury
    • Severe burns
    • Severe head injury
    • Fat embolism
  • Malignancy:
    • Mucin-producing adenocarcinomas or metastatic disease
    • Hematologic malignancy (eg, leukemia)
  • Intravascular hemolysis:
    • Transfusion reactions
    • Massive transfusion
  • Organ destruction:
    • Severe pancreatitis
    • Severe hepatic failure
  • Vascular abnormalities:
    • Kasabach–Merritt syndrome
    • Large vascular aneurysm
  • Thrombocytopenia:
    • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
    • Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
  • Miscellaneous:
    • Snake bites
    • Recreational drugs

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