Pulmonary hypertension

Etiology

• Primary pulmonary hypertension
• Chronic pulmonary embolism
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interstitial lung disease
• Sleep apnea
• Pickwickian syndrome (obesity-hypoventilation syndrome)
• Scleroderma or other connective tissue disease
• Left to right intracardiac shunt
• Drugs or toxins: fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentermine, bleomycin, amiodarone, talc (via IV drug use)
• Radiation
• Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
• Valve disease: mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis
• Left-sided heart failure
• Atrial myxoma
• High altitude (chronic mountain sickness)
• Polycythemia vera
• Cirrhosis with portal hypertension
• HIV
• Schistosomiasis
• Sickle cell disease