Aortic insufficiency

Etiology

• Congenitally bicuspid aortic valve
• Hypertension
• Valvular calcification
• Infective endocarditis
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Aortic root (or arch) disease: Marfan syndrome, aortic dissection, temporal (giant cell) arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis, ankylosing spondylitis, syphilis, Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis), cystic medial necrosis, sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, relapsing polychondritis