Hypocalcemia
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Decreased intake or absorption
- Malabsorption or small bowel bypass
- Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)
Increased loss - Alcoholism
- Chronic renal insufficiency
- Diuretic therapy
Endocrine disease - Hypoparathyroidism (including hypomagnesemia) or pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Sepsis
- Calcitonin secretion with thyroid medullary carcinoma
- Familial hypocalcemia
Physiologic causes - Decreased serum albumin (normal ionized calcium ion)
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Decreased end-organ response to vitamin D
Drugs - Loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, foscarnet
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