Vaginal Bleeding in Pregnancy
Basics
Basics
Basics
Description
Description
- Major cause of maternal/fetal morbidity and mortality
- Early pregnancy hemorrhage (≤20 wk):
- Occurs in 30% of all pregnancies
- 50% lead to spontaneous abortion
- Late pregnancy hemorrhage (>20 wk):
- Occurs in 3–5% of all pregnancies
- Risk factors:
- Advanced maternal age
- Substance abuse
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Previous cesarean section
- Previous termination of pregnancy
- Previous dilation and curettage (D&C)
- Previous ectopic pregnancy
- Increased parity
- Multiple gestation
- Preeclampsia
- Hypertension
- Trauma
- Use of assisted reproductive technology
- Genetics:
- 50–60% of miscarriages due to chromosomal abnormalities
Etiology
Etiology
- Vaginal
- Cervical
- Uterine
- Uterine–placental interface
- Hematologic dysfunction
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