Arsenic Poisoning
Basics
Basics
Basics
Description
Description
- Acute toxicity:
- Caused by intentional ingestion, malicious poisoning, or medication error
- Minimal lethal ingested dose ∼2 mg/kg
- Chronic toxicity:
- Resulting from occupational exposures, water or food contamination, or use of folk remedies containing arsenic
- Ingestion is the primary route of exposure
- Inhalational toxicity is possible from arsine gas exposure
Etiology
Etiology
- Most cases seen in the ED result from intentional ingestion or malicious poisoning
- Sodium arsenate, found in ant killer, is the most common acute exposure in the US
- Contaminated food and water supplies are the most common cause worldwide
- Inorganic arsenic trioxide has been recently approved as a chemotherapeutic agent for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- Melarsoprol, an organic arsenical, has been used to treat trypanosomiasis since 1949
- Found in pesticides, certain folk remedies (herbal balls), industrial wood preservatives
- May be released as arsine gas from combustion of zinc- and arsenic-containing compounds
Mechanism
- Arsenic exists in several forms—gas (arsine, or lewisite), organic, elemental, and inorganic
- Inorganic forms (pentavalent and trivalent arsenic) are most frequently involved in toxic exposures:
- Pentavalent arsenic uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
- Most pentavalent arsenic is converted to the more toxic trivalent arsenic in the body
- Trivalent arsenic binds sulfhydryl groups and interferes in hemoglobin production
- Some trivalent arsenic may be methylated into species of varying toxicity
- The more reactive species are DNA damaging and genotoxic
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